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ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืืค

ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืกืคืจื™ ืฉืžืข, ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื”:

ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœืงื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืชืจ:

ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ / iOS

ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช

ื‘ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื™

ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืœืกืœ

*ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืžื•ื“ืคืก ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื—

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืจื– โ€“ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ โ€“ ืฉืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื ืคืจืกื™ื ืžืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื“ืจืš ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืืจืฆื”, ื”ืงืžืช ื›ืคืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื ืคื™ืœืชื• ืขืจื‘ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืขื“ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื›ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื›ืฆื™ื™ืจ.

ืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืคืจืกื ื›ืืŸ, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื“ืกื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1947 ืžืžื—ื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืžืœ. ืžื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืงื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืื—ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื”, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื โ€“ ืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืขื ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช.

ืœืฆื“ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืžืขืœื” ืฉืื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ืกืคืงื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•. ืžืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื”ื“ืกื” ื•ืžืจื—ืคืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื: "ื‘ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื™" โ€“ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื ืกืคื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื”.

ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืคืจื™ ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื” ื’ืœ โ€“ ืžื™ืชื•ืžื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื›ืคืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ืœื—ื ื›ืชืฃ ืืœ ื›ืชืฃ ืœืฆื“ ืฉืื•ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉื™ืœื” ืžืฉื™ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ืคื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ: ืฉืื•ืœ โ€“ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื•, ื•ืฉื™ืœื” โ€“ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื ื•ืคืœื™ื. ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื ืกื’ืจ ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื”, ืขืจื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื–ื”.

ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ

  • ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ: ืกืคืจื™ ื ื™ื‘
  • ืžื—ื‘ืจ: ืฉืื•ืœ ืจื–
  • ืžืกืคืจ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื: 413
  • ื“ืื ืืงื•ื“: 1272-1285

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